![]() However, this relationship might not be specific to the ventral striatum as it has been shown to extend to the dorsal striatum ( Mucci et al., 2015a). In addition, ventral striatal activity during reward anticipation in patients with schizophrenia correlates with negative symptoms ( Radua et al., 2015), in particular with apathy ( Kirschner et al., 2016, Simon et al., 2010, Simon et al., 2015, Stepien et al., 2018, Wolf et al., 2014). It should be noted that deficits in reward anticipation are present in other disorders, such as bipolar disorder, although a recent study showed that they may rely on different patterns of activation than in schizophrenia ( Smucny et al., 2021). Other regions activated during reward anticipation include the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula ( Diekhof et al., 2012), which typically show lower activation in patients with schizophrenia ( Cadena et al., 2018, Leroy et al., 2020, Moran et al., 2019, Smucny et al., 2021). This pattern of hypoactivity has been confirmed in meta-analyses ( Leroy et al., 2020, Radua et al., 2015), but some studies do not show group differences ( Kirschner et al., 2016, Stepien et al., 2018). Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia show decreased bilateral ventral striatal activity during reward anticipation in the MID task ( Juckel et al., 2006, Nielsen et al., 2012b). ![]() Two meta-analyses using the MID task with healthy controls found robust patterns of activation in mesocorticolimbic brain regions ( Oldham et al., 2018, Wilson et al., 2018). This procedure allows for the mapping of brain regions sensitive to reward anticipation. Reward anticipation is elicited by presenting a cue indicating whether a high, low or no reward is at stake. Task difficulty is calibrated to participants’ mean reaction time to achieve a similar success rate (e.g., 60%) in all participants. The MID is a simple detection task where participants have to react as fast as possible when presented with a pre-specified target-cue. ![]() The most frequently employed task for investigating reward anticipation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the monetary incentive delay (MID) task ( Knutson et al., 2000). Within the different processes underlying motivation, reward anticipation has been shown to be particularly affected in people with schizophrenia (e.g., Kirschner et al., 2016, Radua et al., 2015, Strauss et al., 2013). Motivational impairments are a core dimension of schizophrenia that appear early in the course of the disorder and often fail to respond to treatments ( Foussias and Remington, 2010, Sabe et al., 2019, Schlosser et al., 2014).
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